list of closed military bases

Dictionary of American History. An official website of the United States government. Developers now hope the area will become a place to "rival other global cities as a Singapore of the Americas." The Army fought for what they believed to be the best close-air-support aircraft, and the Warthog would continue to fly, but not before the base had already been closed. Sweet dreams Built during World War II in Norfolk, England, the Wendling base was closed in 1961. Throughout its century of service to the country, the 505-acre post was used as a general hospital during World Wars I and II, a prisoner of war camp, training for the Civilian Conservation Corp, and as a separation center. key spots like Guam, Sigonella in Sicily, Souda Bay in Crete, Thumraitin Oman, and Camp Lemonnierin Djibouti by the Red Sea, yet huge sums remain devoted to bases in England, Germany, Japan, and Korea. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"7sDXs3_nxoYFEJeAun0xA3JQXkMbrbolF6JMr8pe1rg-86400-0"}; A section of the previous Naval Base area is a multi-use federal complex leased by 17 different agencies and for use by Coast Guard National Security Cutters, NOAA research ships, and Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers. [6], The Defense Base Realignment and Closure Act of 1990 provided "the basic framework for the transfer and disposal of military installations closed during the base realignment and closure (BRAC) process". Located on the Cooper River in historic Charleston, SC, this naval shipyard began operating in 1901 as a drydock. Duotech will never sell, rent, lease or give away your information to any third party. Flair U.S. Army Reserve Center, Frederick, Westover U.S. Army Reserve Center, Citopee, Parisan U.S. Army Reserve Center, Lansing, Army National Guard Reserve Center, Jefferson Barracks, Defense Finance and Accounting Service, Kansas City, Defense Finance and Accounting Service, St. Louis, Navy Recruiting District Headquarters, Kansas, Galt Hall U.S. Army Reserve Center, Great Falls, Army National Guard Reserve Center, Columbus, Army National Guard Reserve Center, Grand Island, Army National Guard Reserve Center, Kearny, Naval Recruiting District Headquarters, Omaha, Doble U.S. Army Reserve Center, Portsmouth, Inspector/Instructor Center, West Trenton, Jenkins Armed Forces Reserve Center, Albuquerque, Army National Guard Reserve Center, Niagra Falls, Carpenter U.S. Army Reserve Center, Poughkeepsie, Defense Finance and Accounting Service, Rome, Navy Recruiting District Headquarters, Buffalo, Niagra Falls International Airport Air Guard Station, Niven U.S. Army Reserve Center, Albermarle, Army National Guard Reserve Center, Mansfield, Army National Guard Reserve Center, Westerville, Defense Finance and Accounting Service, Dayton, Mansfield Lahm Municipal Airport Air Guard Station, Navy-Marine Corps Reserve Center, Cleveland, Army National Guard Reserve Center Tishomingo, Krowse U.S. Army Reserve Center, Oklahoma City, Navy-Marine Corps Reserve Center, Reading, North Penn U.S. Army Reserve Center, Morristown, Pittsburgh International Airport Air Reserve Station, Serrenti U.S. Army Reserve Center, Scranton, W. Reese U.S. Army Reserve Center/OMS, Chester, Army National Guard Reserve Center, Humacao, Lavergne U.S. Army Reserve Center, Bayamon, Harwood U.S. Army Reserve Center, Providence, Defense Finance and Accounting Service, Charleston, South Naval Facilities Engineering Command, U.S. Army Reserve Area Maintenance Support Facility, Kingsport, Army National Guard Reserve Center No. US process of closing some military bases, "Base Realignment and Closure Act" redirects here. "[4] Military bases in non-democratic states were often rationalized during the Cold War by the U.S. as a necessary but undesirable side effect of defending against the communist threat posed by the Soviet Union. In my view, thats simply outstanding. Base Realignment and Closure - Wikipedia Officially closed in 1999 following a 1993 BRAC designation, El Toro was previously home to the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing. Both Fort McPherson and Fort Gillem are small in area, but they are giants in the defense picture due to the many headquarters and tenant organizations. Camp Butner Camp Butner Training Center occupies just over 5,000 acres in the northern piedmont of North Carolina. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Arsenals Charlestown Arsenal [30] Watertown Arsenal [31] Bases South Boston Army Base [32] Camps Camp Adams [33] Camp Andrew [34] [35] Camp Banks [36] Camp Brigham [37] Camp Cameron [38] Camp Candoit [39] Camp Chase [40] Camp Dalton [41] Camp Edmunds [36] Camp Ellsworth [42] Camp Framingham (Dalton, Bartlett, McGuinness, Dewey) [41] Camp Guild [43] List of New Zealand military bases. Since the base was closed in 1995, it is utilized as a research site for the local universities, houses a federal penitentiary in one section, and Google leased 60 acres for test development on their self-driving car. This round of cuts reinforces the situation. The closures and downsizings would occur over six years starting in 2006. On August, 11, 2005, the Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission met to receive testimony from federal, state and local government officials, professional associations and the general public regarding the issues related to the appropriate environmental stewardship of installations recommended for closure and realignment. Fort Story. [28], This is a list of links for U.S. Army forts and installations, organized by U.S. state or territory within the U.S. and by country if overseas. List of Pakistan Air Force Bases. View All Bases & Installations | MilitaryINSTALLATIONS - Military OneSource On that list are several bases scheduled for closure or realignment. The last BRAC-approved list was 2005. "Military Base Closings [24], In May 2014, it was attempted to fund another round of BRAC, although funding was not approved in a vote in May of that year. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Examples of this would be the A-10s Warthog at Myrtle Beach, SC, or the B-52 at Loring Air Force Base in Maine. That leaves only RTC Great Lakes in Illinois as the single location for Navy basic training. To read and save unlimited articles, sign up to become an Esquire member. Some BRAC closed military facilities have transferred property to other federal agencies. [25], In March 2015, the Acting Assistant Secretary of Defense for Energy, Installations and Environment addressed the possibility of a future BRAC, indicating that the DOD, Defense Secretary Ash Carter was requesting authority to conduct another BRAC. List of former United States Air Force installations - Wikipedia Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. It explains both the acquisition upsides ("Bases offer an array of building types, from manufacturing to daycare") and drawbacks ("may be built to outdated code standards or with materials such as asbestos"). Summarize this article for a 10 years old. While McPherson has been around quite some time, its functions could be absorbed at Fort Benning or Fort Bragg with barely a ripple. of Defense Base Structure Report FY2003, U.S. Dept. This guidance supersedes the February 1996 EPA Guidance for Implementing the Fast-Track Cleanup Program at Closing or Realigning Military Bases. OTA-ITE-524. List of former United States Army installations, List of United States Marine Corps installations, List of United States Air Force installations, List of United States Space Force installations, "Page Not Found - Consolidated - ERROR 404", Former facilities of the United States Army, U.S. Dept. Colonel Wayne Shanks said the decision to leave in April 2010 "was the correct one based on the resources that we have available" and it was destroyed before American forces departed to eliminate much of its strategic value, but the Taliban still got a kick out of giving interviews broadcast on Al-Jazeera from there. In 1777, the location of the Springfield Armory was scouted and approved by General George Washington. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS We may earn a commission from these links. As the military explores budget cuts while waging two wars, past base closures led to everything from enemy propaganda to delightful attractions for the upscale traveler. Currently, a large section of the old base comprises the Orange County Great Park, an arts and sports recreational hub owned by the City of Irvine, CA. If you need assistance with your move, contact your installation Military and Family Support . As with RTC Orlando, RTC San Diego was one of three recruit training centers for the Navy before it was closed by BRAC in 1997. When the Air Force expected to begin phasing out the A-10, it spelled the end for the Air Force Base, which closed in 1993. Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949, 1988 Base Realignment and Closure Commission, 1991 Base Realignment and Closure Commission, Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth, Fleet Combat Direction Systems Support Activity San Diego, Integrated Combat Systems Test Facility San Diego, Naval Electronic Systems Engineering Center San Diego, Naval Electronic Systems Engineering Center Vallejo, Naval Electronic Systems Engineering Center, 1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission, Grand Prairie Armed Forces Reserve Complex, Naval Electronic Systems Engineering Center, Saint Inigoes, 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission, Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division, Warminster, Naval Air Warfare Center, Aircraft Division, Indianapolis, Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division, 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission, Naval Air Station Willow Grove Joint Reserve Base, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014, Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, "Base Realignment and Closure 2005 - U.S. Department of Defense", "Explore Congressional Research Service Reports: List View UNT Digital Library", "Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC): Property Transfer and Disposal", "Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission (BRAC)", "Base Closure and Realignment (BRAC): Background and Issues for Congress", "The Lewiston Daily Sun - Google News Archive Search", "99 - Special Message to the Congress on the Defense Budget. giving interviews broadcast on Al-Jazeera. The Brooklyn Naval Yard was built in 1801 in Brooklyn, NY. of Defense Base Structure Report FY2005, U.S. Dept. Among the major closures were Cannon Air Force Base in New Mexico, which would lose more than 2,700 jobs, the Naval Station in Ingleside, Texas, costing more than 2,100 jobs, and Fort McPherson in Georgia, costing nearly 4,200 jobs. Official Military Base Closure List - Outside the Beltway The chair of the House Armed Services Committee, Les Aspin of Wisconsin, recommended that a second commission propose another list, and in October 1990 Congress approved the creation of such a commission. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). List Of How Many Military Bases Have Closed In The Us 2022 List of United States military bases - Wikipedia Closed Military Bases - History of Military Base Closings 1 Read Every Article Esquire Has Ever Published 2 Filson's Mackinaw Cruiser Will Last a Lifetime 3 I Let My Boyfriend Dress Me. Encyclopedia.com. The City of Tustin has proposed to the owners of the Los Angeles Angels that the MCAS Tustin site be considered for a future baseball stadium. List of Mexican military installations. This process is called Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) and is run by a BRAC Commission consisting of a nine-member independent panel chosen by the President. These cookies do not store any personal information. Will our already traumatized real-estate market soon be glutted anew with places that once protected our liberty? Become a Esquire+ member to read and save unlimited articles. Some that were added to that BRAC list were later removed, like the Naval Submarine Base New London in Connecticut. This is the nations oldest continuously operating shipyard and one of the largest. [17], The 1991 Base Realignment and Closure Commission included:[16], The 1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission included:[16][18], The 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission included:[16][19]. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. How That Happened: The U.S. spent five brutal years from 2005 on defending this mountaintop in an Afghani valley, during which it acquired its nickname for the 42 soldiers killed. *Bolded on advice of knowledgable e-mailer. This caused an outcry in Congress, where the Democratic majority believed that the list contained too many bases in states or districts represented by Democrats. These locations are staffed by several hundred U.S. Special Operations Forces in a non-combat role, aiding the Nigerien military with training and surveillance. Some operations of the American Legion are housed in buildings on the old base. Personnel assigned to Forts McPherson and Gillem are as follows: Active Duty, 3,510; Army Reserve, 2,359; Civilians, 5,038; Retirees, 29,430; Family Members, 36,843. Official websites use .gov 2, Dallas, Army National Guard Reserve Center (Hondo Pass), El Paso, Army National Guard Reserve Center, California Crossing, Army National Guard Reserve Center, Ellington, Army National Guard Reserve Center, Lufkin, Army National Guard Reserve Center, Marshall, Army National Guard Reserve Center, New Braunfels, Defense Finance and Accounting Service, San Antonio, 1LT Richard H. Walker U.S. Army Reserve Center, Army National Guard Reserve Center, Everett, Bias U.S. Army Reserve Center, Huntington, Navy-Marine Corps Reserve Center, Moundsville, Navy-Marine Corps Reserve Center, Madison, Army National Guard Reserve Center, Thermopolis. After an extensive series of public hearings, analysis of DoD-supplied supporting data, and solicitation of comments from the public, the list of recommendations was revised by the 9-member Defense Base Closure and Realignments Commission in two days of public markups and votes on individual recommendations (the proceedings were broadcast by C-SPAN and are available for review on the network's website). The U.S. Defense Finance and Accounting Service also still maintains a presence. The campus area also includes mixed-use developments. How That Happened: Once Americas largest overseas military installation, this was the base that didn't want to die. When the Defense Department shuts down U.S. bases around the world, they become everything from movie sets to terrorist hangouts to vacation destinations. DINFOS trained military members to become journalists for print, radio, television, photography, and public affairs. In addition, from 4,500 to 5,000 local, state and international guests take tours of or book events at Forts McPherson and Gillem each year. Base closings in themselves did not substantially reduce the annual defense budget. At least 10 U.S. bases closed in Afghanistan as part of drawdown - The The first time the BRAC closings were completed was in 1988 when the commission recommended closing five Air Force bases. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush closed hundreds of unnecessary bases in Europe and Asia in the 1990s and 2000s. [5], Several rounds of closures and mergers have occurred since the end of World War II, a procedure most recently known as Base Realignment and Closure. Countries with United States military bases and facilities History of U.S. of Defense, Base Structure Report, Official figures for the numbers of U.S. military employed worldwide, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Military installations of the United States, Military installations of the United States by country, The Port of Haifa maintains facilities for the. Legislators from the Philadelphia area who opposed the closing of that city's naval shipyard, for example, turned to the federal courts to determine whether base closure decisions should be subject to judicial review. The fort was closed in 1995 and much of the training supported there spread to different bases on the East Coast. Dictionaries thesauruses pictures and press releases. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Joint Base Myer - Henderson Hall. List of United States military bases | Military Wiki | Fandom Later that month, the House National Security Committee rejected legislation that, if accepted, would have overturned the recommendations. Hurlburt Field. Visitors can now go wreck-diving to see sunken crafts from all the past conflicts involving the base (as well as savoring the freedom U.S. forces fought for when they check out the area's duty-free shopping). List of military installations in Massachusetts - Wikipedia It was more difficult to estimate the effects of base closings on local economies. Surrounding towns have plans for revitalization with mixed-use development but are still in the planning process. It is under the command of the North Carolina Army National Guard. What Is It Now? [4] The Economist Democracy Index classifies many of the forty-five current non-democratic U.S. base hosts as fully "authoritarian governments. List of Proposed Military Base Closings (AP), Abbott U.S. Army Reserve Center, Tuskegee, BG William P. Screws U.S. Army Reserve Center, Montgomery, Fort Ganey Army National Guard Reserve Center, Mobile, Fort Hanna Army National Guard Reserve Center, Birmingham, Gary U.S. Army Reserve Center, Enterprise, Navy Recruiting District Headquarters, Montgomery, The Adjutant General Bldg, AL Army National Guard, Montgomery, Allen Hall Armed Forces Reserve Center, Tucson, Stone U.S. Army Reserve Center, Pine Bluff, Defense Finance and Accounting Service, Oakland, Defense Finance and Accounting Service, San Bernardino, Defense Finance and Accounting Service, San Diego, Defense Finance and Accounting Service, Seaside, Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach, Detachment Concord, Navy-Marine Corps Reserve Center, Los Angeles, Sgt. 6 of 41 TASS via Getty Grass. The rounds of cuts in the 90s established bases that are unclosable (short of dramatic mililtary cutbacks). You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. By 1959, plans for even larger numbers of Cold War installations were canceled (e.g., DoD's June 19, 1959, Continental Air Defense Program reduced the number of Super Combat Center underground nuclear bunkers to 7) and in 1958, US Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) began to replace Strategic Air Command bombers. The district that once was Fort Benjamin Harrison is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and has over 100 buildings and a parade ground. To sustain and streamline military readiness, the Department of Defense (DoD) recognized the need to close some installations and redefine the department's mission at others. On the other hand, the two actually in the immediate Sacramento area have already been closed, along with the Army Depot. [CDATA[ Spending dollars on infrastructure that does not serve their needs is inexcusable."[27]. Today, Fort McPherson is home to Forces Command (FORSCOM), Third United States Army, and United States Army Reserve Command (USARC). Copyright 1999-2023 All rights reserved. Pensacola Florida Military Bases. By September 17, 2020 The monument at Subic Bay to. It will have a very large impact on both the military and the civilian community. Federal Facilities National Priorities List (NPL) and Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Sites Where You Live, Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the U.S. EPA and the U.S. Department of Defense and Amendment #1 to the MOU, Turning Bases Into Great Places: New Life for Closed Military Facilities, Interim Guidance for EPAs Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Program (April 27, 2006), 2005 Proposed Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Installations on the NPL, 2005 Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission Report, Support for DoD Cleanup Implementation for BRAC Installations Rounds I-IV - 2008, Support for DoD Cleanup Implementation for BRAC Installations Rounds I-IV - 2005, Support for DoD BRAC Cleanup Implementation - November 2002, Transmittal of "Interim Guidance for EPAs Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Program", Fast-Track Cleanup at Closing DoD Installations, Military Bases: Opportunities Exist to Improve Future Base Realignment and Closure Rounds, Military Base Closures: Observations on Prior and Current BRAC Rounds, Military Base Closures: Updated Status of Prior Base Realignments and Closures. Since its closing, most of the property was given to the state of California. The Brooklyn Naval Yard was built in 1801 in Brooklyn, NY. For consistency, major Army National Guard (ARNG) training facilities are included but armory locations are not.[29]. For over 190 years, the Springfield Armory manufactured military firearms for the U.S. Nonetheless, when a base closes there are still remnants of its existence. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Many different large national companies like Urban Outfitters and Tasty Baking Company have relocated their headquarters to what is now called a campus. Forts McPherson and Gillem serve and support a number of internal audiences: Active Duty and Reserve Component soldiers, sailors, airmen and Marines, Department of Defense civilians, military retirees and family members. Both installations are good neighbors, U.S. Army Garrison, Fort McPherson, was named Atlantas fifth largest employer by the Atlanta Business Chronical in March 1999. KABUL The United States has closed at least 10 bases across Afghanistan since the signing of a deal with the Taliban in February, according to Afghan and U.S. officials, part of a . The following is a list of United States Army Installations that have been closed down; On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. (February 23, 2023). Fort Eustis. [21] On May 10, 2012, the House Armed Services Committee rejected Pentagon calls for base closures outside of a 2015 round by a 44 to 18 vote. You can unsubscribe at anytime. The BRAC is an independent nine-member panel appointed by the President. //]]>. It was home to the 7th Infantry Division and also served to train soldiers through basic training and advanced infantry training. Other parts contain a nature preserve. In 1954, The USAF activated Myrtle Beach Air Force Base. Private companies lease piers for the construction and maintenance of commercial, government, and military vessels. The yards first ship, the USS Franklin, a 90-gun wooden-hulled ship, was launched in 1815. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. The bases had at least four years advance notice, except for Pease Air Force Base in New Hampshire, which closed in 1991. This is a list of military installations owned or used by the United States Armed Forces currently located in the United States and around the world. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. This list targeted eighty-six bases for closure, five for partial closure, and fifty-four for realignment. The Commission submitted its revised list to the President on September 8, 2005. Find key contact information, including that of the Joint Forces HQ. Its free! In communities that are used to seeing unique aircraft in their skies, having their airbase closed also means they are missing an iconic element of their region. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Founded as a shipyard in 1776, the U.S. Navy did not officially begin operations there until 1801, making it the first Naval Shipyard of the United States. List of Russian military bases abroad. MILITARY BASE CLOSINGS. In the late 1980s this protective attitude toward bases started to change. When BRAC talks begin, it can become very politicized as lawmakers see bases and ports in their districts on the chopping blocks, which affect the economies in their regions greatly. List of bases of the South African Air Force. Speak to a representative - call or email Duotech, Located in the beautiful mountains of North Carolina, 245 Industrial Park Rd, Franklin, NC 28734 USA. The U.S. Navy finally stopped using this tiny isle as a training ground in 2003, then after a controversy over unexploded munitions, much of the Navy's territory was converted to fish and wildlife reserves, meaning the only patrols roving Vieques nowadays are ubiquitous wild horses. This panel evaluated the list by taking testimony from interested parties and paying visits to affected bases. You've hit your max! A large portion of BRAC property was designated for transfer to other federal agencies or non-federal entities, such as states, tribes, local governments or private industries. The remarkable thing about the list is that, while its very long, it contains essentially no noteworthy bases. Their mission was to enforce Union regulations during the reconstruction period following the Civil War. The President approved the list and signalled his approval to Congress on September 15. Congressman and later secretary of defense during the first Nixon administration. As a consequence, military base closings began, along with reductions in military personnel and weapons. An installation closing can have a devastating effect on a community through lost jobs and losing money that once poured into the local economy from the service personnel associated with the base. In June 1995, the commission recommended closing seventy-nine bases and realigning twenty-six others. Closed Military Bases - What Are They Doing Now? - Duotech Services https://www.linkedin.com/company/duotech-services/. "[4] Military bases in non-democratic states were often rationalized during the Cold War by the U.S. as a necessary but undesirable side effect of defending against the communist threat posed by the Soviet Union. To see a list of Federal Facilities NPL sites within each state click on the map below. Whether a DoD facility is included in the BRAC 2005Interim Guidance for EPAs Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Program (April 27, 2006). Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Units Stationed: USARAK 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 25th Infantry Division 70th Brigade Engineer Battalion 1st Battalion, 52nd Aviation Regiment, 16th Aviation Brigade Northern Warfare Training Center (NWTC) 17 th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion 402nd Army Field Support Battalion Cold Region Test Center (CRTC) 412 th Contracting Command [4] The Economist Democracy Index classifies many of the forty-five current non-democratic U.S. base hosts as fully "authoritarian governments. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. More than 350 installations have been closed in five BRAC rounds: 1988, 1991, 1993, 1995, and 2005. There are also plans to develop the property for mixed-use purposes. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/military-base-closings, "Military Base Closings List of United States Army installations in South Korea March 28, 1961", McNamara, Clifford,and the Burdens of Vietnam1965-1969, "Niagara Falls Air Force Units Are Phased Out", "BASE CLOSURES AND REALIGNMENTS BY STATE: 1995, 1993, 1991, AND 1988", "Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission - 1993 Report to the President", 1995 Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission Report to the President, Joint Base Background (part 4 of the Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam webpage), BRAC panel calls closure round premature - News, U.S. House committee rejects more military base closings, "House Panel Protects A-10, Pulls BRAC from Budget", "Senior DoD Official Testifies on Budget, BRAC", Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission, "Collection: Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission" at the UNT Digital Library, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Base_Realignment_and_Closure&oldid=1131151599, Lists of United States military installations, Installations of the U.S. Department of Defense, Articles with dead external links from August 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2017, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 2 January 2023, at 20:21.

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