smooth pursuit exercises pdf

By doing these exercisesrepetitively, one can even teach the brain to adapt to an abnormal stimulus. clinicians should not include voluntary saccadic or smooth-pursuit eye movements in isolation (ie, without head movement) as specific exer-cises for gaze stability. endstream endobj 2131 0 obj <>stream 2142 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<4B9CFADA9D872E4D988130A54A51A8DB>]/Index[2127 22]/Info 2126 0 R/Length 76/Prev 388581/Root 2128 0 R/Size 2149/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream endstream endobj startxref %%EOF hTj@}l)A{@8nMmJI yPad9 Click here to learn more about Visual Processing Lab and to sign up. 0000059947 00000 n The brain interprets information gained from the vestibular or balancesystem. 0000000707 00000 n 2. The brain has to know exactly where objects are in the environment so that it can generate a motor command that allows someone to reach out and pick up a glass of water without spilling it or missing the glass altogether. cVU\)/` p This stimulation produces information to be processed by the brain. Parking Information, 2500 North State Street Understanding muscle activation patterns amongst squat variations can be practically applied by therapists, coaches and trainers to aid in reducing risks of arthrokinetic dysfunction via synergistic dominance, faster return to physical activity and normal functions of daily activity. In smooth-pursuit eye movements, the changes in the center of pressure and muscle activities were increased significantly with eye and head movement. If a persons saccades are not accurate it can be difficult for them to read and retain information. when you step with your left you look left, when you step with your right you look right). During the first few times the exercise is performed, you should have another person present in case the dizzinessbecomes very severe. Kids can watch and follow directions to take deep breaths combined with slowly looking in a single direction. hb```f``5g`c`hab@ ! 800e 72 X.:cl0/fx=Vyy#-.fj( wrK|vHn`nK^n5Ifi|sy\|;cRGdX6un]"vU(ffPtBcl),i&x+qiO*:eCQ-H*y+y=aQn76Yf %%EOF If you wear glasses, wear them while performing exercises. For safety, standing exercises must be performed close to a counter or next to someone. Slowly move it side to side for 30 seconds while head stays still. 28 0 obj<>stream If you feel you cannot, have your nurse contact aninpatient physical therapist for assistance. 603 0 obj <> endobj 0000051962 00000 n 0000001011 00000 n 621 0 obj <>stream Work through these symptoms. Talk to your health care provider if you have any questions about this document, your condition or your treatment plan, including whether it is appropriate to continue doing these exercises should your condition change. Smooth pursuit eye movements allow us to keep a moving target in our fovea and clearly visualize it. 2010-2023 The OT Toolbox | Privacy Policy, First, lets cover what visual pursuits are and how they, 6 Ways to Improve Visual Tracking with Cardboard Tubes, When Executive Function Skills Impair Handwriting, Executive Functioning Skills- Teach Planning and Prioritization, Fine Motor Activities to Improve Open Thumb Web Space, Activities to improve smooth visual pursuits, Classroom Accommodations for Visual Impairments. Start by walking for 5 minutes. xref Only you can build upthe tolerance in your brain to overcome your dizziness. 1) Foveating a moving image to maximize it's visibility. In the smooth-pursuit eye movement with one leg standing, there were higher requirements for balance when the eyes and head move in the opposite direction, therefore, this movement can be recommended to people who need to enhance their balance ability. Keeping the laser in the target, follow the outer (lighter) pattern with your eyes into each quadrant. Flashlight Tag- Use a flashlight to help kids follow a target in various directions. Progress to standing while performing head exercises. Look straight ahead and hold balance (attempt only with assistance). Smooth Pursuit Exercise #1 - Baseball with Blue Background You will see a baseball move around the screen --follow it as timely and smoothly with your eyes as you can. Bend forward and touch ground then sit up. Cornerstone Dizziness Clinic - Vestibular rehabilitation and concussion treatment exercise. Use these strategies to work on various visual processing skills and oculomotor skills. To train movement of the eyes, independent of the head. The Orthoptist will explain which exercises are best for each individual patient and explain how to carry them out. To practice balancing in everyday situations with special attention to developing the use of the eyes and themuscle sense awareness. Patient Appointments: 888-815-2005, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Intellectual Property and Commercialization Office. 0000008041 00000 n 8400 Six Forks Rd, Suite 101Raleigh NC 27615, Eye Movement Exercises to Rewire Connections in Your Brain. Here is more information about visual tracking. Youshould try to work through these symptoms if possible. 5. Some of the exercises will require "dual tasking" --tracking a primary target while also pointing your finger at other targets that move around a main target. In a hallway or open space, practice walking in a straight line while turning head and eyes left and right with every other step (i.e. This study examined the effects of gaze fixation and different kinds of smooth-pursuit eye movements on the trunk and lower extremity muscle activities and center of pressure. Pursuits are slow and steady eye movements that allow you to track a moving object. Do 3 sessions per day. 0000033402 00000 n hbbd``b`$;A DGd;$Oz` Some ideas include creating a sloped surface with a poster board and books. Scroll below to join our free visual processing lab. Stabilize head and quickly jump your eyes up and down between the two targets. When the head and eyes moved in opposite. Onceyou have gained a measure of improvement and control in your practice sessions, seek out sports or othermovement activities that have been difficult and spend increasing lengths of time on them until they no longerproduce any symptoms. Repeat the process 3 times. You may make this more challenging by placing feet closer together. Vestibular rehabilitation exercises should be initiated as soon as possible. Smooth Pursuit Exercise #3 - Baseball with Moving Background, Smooth Pursuit Exercise #4 - Multiple Baseballs with Blue Background. better. Throw ball from hand to hand under one knee. 3. Saccades are initiated by the frontal lobes and the burst-velocity signals are then generated from the pontine paramedian reticular formation in the brainstem. Repeat 3 times. However, limitations exist . Saccades are fast eye movement used to shift a persons gaze from one object to another. You can also use your index fingers as targets. 0000006317 00000 n Advice will be given on the frequency and duration of the exercises and a follow-up appointment will be . Saccadic exercisesa Strong recommendation against I Smooth pursuit exercisesa Strong recommendation against I Targeted exercises Moderate recommendation II Supervised exercises Moderate recommendation II Gaze stability exercise for 12-20min/dayb Expert opinion V aOffered in isolation. 0000001236 00000 n These visual tracking activities are easy and creative ways to work on eye movement and smooth eye movements. These exercises may provoke dizziness or nausea. Try a circle, uppercase letter H, triangle, straight/diagonal lines, etc. 2148 0 obj <>stream 0000038399 00000 n environment, or who struggle to demonstrate visual tracking in reading or other Try to stand still without touching the wall for 30 seconds. 0kWpvP~Ka H$e]S-jq9mOe>$TXer:`%d)Fd>Rd)Vd)AWd}LJHJ#+*lIY\PDu. To become accustomed to moving about naturally in daylight and in the dark. For our kids who are challenged to visually observe their 614 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<75F704863759844CA71C40FB0A30F181>]/Index[603 19]/Info 602 0 R/Length 75/Prev 540411/Root 604 0 R/Size 622/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream You should walk 5 days a week. 0000001447 00000 n The exercisemay be stopped and restarted again at any time if dizziness returns. Go back and forth 10 times, and then wait for 30 seconds (or until symptoms resolve). Lead your head with your eyes focusing on the floor and the ceiling. Perform first with eyes open then with eyes closed (attempt only with assistance). 0000051382 00000 n Eye movements are under reflexogenic and volitional control. Smooth Pursuit Exercise #5 - Basketball with Blue Background. Co-morbidities and vestibular suppressants may limit the success of therapy. 0000000787 00000 n 0000033604 00000 n These exercises are to improve the ability to track targets with a variety of backgrounds progressing from a blue background to picture background then to a moving background. If ill, after resting, try a different exercise. 0000028716 00000 n When these are dysfunctional it can indicate poor brain function. SMOOTH PURSUIT EXERCISES. Balance training should begin with altering You may make this more challenging by crossing arms across chest. Every time a person tracks or follow an object they are using an eye pursuit mechanism. 'L@RH*?GFtIF Sz667n~)N;5S$Y:Bg6"j$ 4j(|a#W|B `r-1mMb0L^m1nK\_. Wall squat exercise with different ankle angles can be used for quadriceps muscle strengthening training for normal people and for recovery training for patellofemoral pain syndrome patients in the rehabilitation stage. Begin a walking program at home. Craft Stick Puppets-Create small craft stick characters puppets to make a visual cue as a visual prompt for follow movement patterns. Also try having the child to sit in front of the ramp and be in charge of rolling the ball. You have a problem with your balance or equilibrium. Want to learn more about HOW visual pursuits and other aspects of visual processing impact learning (in a really big way)? 0000033502 00000 n Saccades need to be fast and accurate. Call us at (416) 595-5353 V0 `/2.iH io9.=@>o]UkAOU5 ,B/k:?XE2}FSp^0MwZ(X)C3k>iet63m99)_(7JU6f{ XIAH$X `C}UJ0hR`0H#-:cCH20+-j'k1K}&c?l/c45}da. Pause and rest only if you becomenauseated or sick to your stomach. The best thing about this lab (besides all of the awesome info) is that it has a fun lab theme. 0000005029 00000 n Stated simply, one must seek out and overcome those positions or situations which cause dizziness. 0000073094 00000 n <<60AD1F37B774974A9E7A1A2B89BDFDF2>]>> Join us in visual processing Lab! When there is an injury or abnormality in any portion of this system, the brain must be retrained or taughtto interpret correctly the information it receives. endstream endobj startxref The following exercises should be performed twice daily. Repeat 3 times. Smooth Pursuit Exercise #1 - Baseball with Blue Background. (Slowly first, then quickly.). an oculomotor skill that is necessary part of visual processing. You will see a basketball move around the screen on a basketball court background --follow it as timely and smoothly with your eyes as you can. Visual tracking is an oculomotor skill that is essential for learning, reading, and so many tasks we perform. 0000002597 00000 n Avoid distractions. 0000062375 00000 n We offer a complimentary phone consultation with a registered physiotherapist to discuss your issue and provide honest advice about treatment options. If this is too hard at first, practice walking almost heel to toe and gradually work to heel to toe touching. Saccades are also used in reading when a person shifts their line of site from one line they are reading to the next. In the visual processing lab, you will discover how oculomotor skills like smooth pursuits make a big difference in higher level skills like learning and executive function. 0000002864 00000 n 0000003068 00000 n 0000003440 00000 n 0000006742 00000 n Voluntary saccadic or smooth pursuit eye exercises should . 0i$n,s )r[Cb]Tm|XUj89R\nXg?=92\A-u[TI`U2K8t!Is^bwy1z1wCeveqUv[g}Vw~*sOeRw="wAo.U3Tw7RZw~ Saccades Exercise #2. Rotate head, shoulders and trunk 20 times each: Rotate upper body right to left with eyes open, then repeat with eyes closed. This is an essential eye movement that allows for visual function as the surrounding visual environment passes by. . addressing the smooth pursuits of visual input. These exercises should be done at least three times a day for a minimum of 6 to 12 weeks or until the dizzinessgoes away altogether. You will also love checking out these activities to improve visual tracking. Saccades Exercise #7 - Basketball with Plain Background. Based on moderate evidence and in . You will see a number of baseballs moving around the screen. Turn your head at a speed brisk enough to generate symptoms but not so fast that you strain your neck. We love to add slow moving items to marble run games too, to provide a slower object for visually tracking, encouraging smooth pursuits of the eyes. Now repeat the entire process 3 more times but this time looking at the ceiling or floor. If these. All Rights Reserved. 0000012336 00000 n EXERCISE 1: SMOOTH PURSUIT CHALLENGE: Sit with an upright position and focus on the center target. 2. Now repeat moving head up and down. If you still become sick toyour stomach, postpone further work until your next session. You can use both hands. 1. 3. Accurate eye movements create an accurate retinotopic map which is literally a stored map of the visual world surrounding us. Pursuits are slow and steady eye movements that allow you to track a moving object. Kids can perform these activities as part of a therapy program and while working on functional skills within an occupation. Visual processing skills have a huge impact on learning. Smooth pursuit exercise (level 2) can help with central oculomotor injury related to a concussion. 6. Where you wont need Bunsen burners or safety goggles! Flash one color on and then the other. Crossing arm across your chest also makes this more challenging. Rotate upper body left to right with eyes open, then repeat with eyes closed. 0000027668 00000 n H\n@C =,Yv"?Z'a oST)4LW|nr840S1\[l;sg]3}SUabbmK'pk)%|oz7_}Ifhuj^B~[+n;:fUHzE~~Q___SO rI.jZ l%J`+7uu_[hAa}A>x3GvOOOyYY> movement can be helpful. \cH>4ahE Gv2Mlfp4MSVD D9@?_;zlU5TB+CST2G@_q7we0l QeH/C*>B*w~]-_? Tape the target X's on the wall about 3 feet apart. Repeat these exercises 3 times. Saccades Exercise #5. 18 11 Combine slow and deep breathing with deliberate eye movements. Cooksey exercises, developed in the 1940s, consist of a series of eye, head and body movements aimed at treating . Try to work through these symptoms. These exercises are designed to improve the ability to track targets with a variety of backgrounds --progressing from a blue background to picture background then to a moving background. 0000005600 00000 n If any of the exercises increase your symptoms and do not go away within 5 minutes of rest then do not proceed with the next exercise and let your therapist know. endstream endobj 2132 0 obj <>stream You should progress by performing this in the most challenging position possible. A persons saccades can be evaluated to determine their level of frontal lobe and brainstem function. Continue to perform these exercises at least twice daily until your symptoms resolve. The results showed that fixed backgrounds and stationary gaze fixations attenuated postural sway, and oscillating backgrounds and smooth pursuits increased postural swayed, while there were no differences regarding saccades. Smooth Pursuit Pursuit is a voluntary response, controlled by attention to moving objects. All works published on this website do so with the consent of the author and establish The OT Toolbox as the copyright holder. EFFECTIVENESS OF SACCADIC OR SMOOTH-PURSUIT EXERCISES IN INDIVIDUALS WITH PERIPHERAL VESTIBULAR HYPOFUNCTION (UNILATERAL OR BILATERAL). 0000002315 00000 n Every time a person tracks or follow an object they are using an eye pursuit mechanism. Be sure to continue exercises even though you become dizzy. nkSYsZu4KiNG@"n*,}kR"aL 5i0im@A"IL$sy44RmX8T3w]} One of the most common ocular motor deficiencies seen in neuro-developmental disorders and decreased brain function is poor gaze stability. ;E ra3({ qLs]I\V ezRGl.!)%+sGLbjgNAyq!h3JhG)cS,E#e-~ Progress to the standing position as tolerated. Interactive Campus Map 0 Generally, to encourage the re-building of confidence in making easy, relaxed, spontaneous movements. Throw a small rubber ball from hand to hand above eye level. International journal of exercise science. endstream endobj 19 0 obj<> endobj 20 0 obj<> endobj 21 0 obj<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 22 0 obj<> endobj 23 0 obj<> endobj 24 0 obj<> endobj 25 0 obj<> endobj 26 0 obj<> endobj 27 0 obj<>stream Vestibular exercises merely stimulate the vestibular apparatus. This brain imbalance is seen in many people with neurological deficits. You will see a baseball move around the screen --follow it as timely and smoothly with your eyes as you can. 0000002216 00000 n I might have had too much fun with this one . This reflex is poorly developed in children with neuro-developmental disorders. Practice with eyes open. 0 0 Based on evaluation, these exercises may need to be performedmultiple times/day. Marble run activities- There are many marble run products on the market that provide an opportunity for improving smooth pursuit of the eyes. 0000032535 00000 n In particular, in the smooth-pursuit eye movement with one leg standing, there were higher requirements for balance when the eyes and head move in the opposite direction. If possible, project the videos onto a large screen and stand 2-3 feet away so that your visual field is taken up by the screen. No image or information displayed on this site or related domains including social media may be reproduced, transmitted, or copied without the express permission of The OT Toolbox. It is concluded that tracking eye movements have a negative effect on balance, and this information can be useful in treating patients with balance problems. In a corner, practice standing heel to toe (one foot in front of the other with the heel of one foot touching the toe of the other foot) with eyes open for 30 seconds. therapy geared toward visual processing skills. Visual skills like visual tracking, or smooth visual pursuits are a visual processing skill that allow us to perceive and retrieve visual information. 18 0 obj <> endobj The eye exercises will be supervised by an Orthoptist, who is a specialist in eye muscle balance and co-ordination. 4Fv6JL It is more eective to use the adaptation and substitution forms of gaze stability exercises. Intro Pursuit and Saccade Exercises Imagine X Functional Neurology 848 subscribers Subscribe 202 7.9K views 2 years ago Dr. Perman explains that saccades and pursuits are so important for daily. Hopefully, these activities to improve visual pursuits is a helpful addition to your therapy toolbox. These exercises may provoke symptoms of dizziness or nausea. Repeat 5 times clockwise, and 5 times counter-clockwise. Specific eye movement exercises are prescribed for each patient and tailored to address their individualized neurological dysfunction. SPEMs without head movement disrupt the stability of body balance in a static posture, and diagonal SPEMs may have a more negative effect in maintaining body balance than horizontal or vertical SPEMS. 1. 0000003850 00000 n Saccades Exercise #6 - Baseball with Moving Background. Some of the exercises will require "dual tasking" tracking a primary target while also pointing finger at other targets that move . You want to watch the video in full screen mode. %PDF-1.3 % Finger to tip of nose and out (focusing on finger). H|Tn0}WQfY)MtVa/Ai2v8#)ib@.tC{mrS`Mm!LHS$bh4j"l_DMV9^m]l Smooth Pursuit Exercise #7 - Basketball with Moving Background. Stop and do not proceed to the next video. 127 0 obj <>stream %PDF-1.4 % 01f8QPP ,-]\f3mdec:C]%yIn:$MNb\387rps;8Ys ~qk]C\Xsq}TdVi)rw?}|,|x4"@3'VM,@B%^!M\MV$K m m @SfF.fo@?|HC%&biW=lPz&ukP(8tl${lN{0L,~@BH!2 To do so is infringement of copyright law. Double Light Eye Tag- Use two different colored lights (light-topped pens work well). 0000020096 00000 n The following eye movements are measured and used as treatment therapies to remap problematic brain circuits: It is essential that the brain stabilizes the gaze of the eyes for proper focus and attention as well as motor coordination. The OT Toolbox assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions that may appear in the Website. Stop and wait for symptoms to resolve, about 30 seconds. They should be at eye level. 0000000916 00000 n Smooth pursuit (or "tracking") is considered a slower tracking system that allows the eyes to timely and smoothly follow a moving object. Jackson, MS 39216 For safety, standing exercises should be performed next to a counter or next to someone. %PDF-1.6 % Lie there for 30 seconds or until symptoms resolve. hbbd```b``.3@$5{0&e#@$y3H2=WN``bd`z7@ & Find the circle as quickly as you can and say aloud the number inside the circle. 0000023859 00000 n Gaze stabilization: Sitting Rest between each exercise. Encourage kids to keep their face steady while using their eyes only to watch the item fall through the marble run. 0000067737 00000 n %PDF-1.5 % This exercise can be completed one eye at a time by cupping one eye with your hand then repeating with the opposite eye covered, or with both eyes together, depending on the individual. You want to keep an upright posture throughout each exercise. I; Good, smooth pursuits are essential to everyday functions but are particularly important in the mechanics of reading and playing sports. 0000079539 00000 n Avoidingthem will only prolong ones convalescence. If this is too hard at first, try standing almost heel to toe (with feet touching at big toes and ankles). Let your symptoms settle. Stop and do not proceed to the next video. In a sitting position, turn your head to the right and then left, leading your head with your eyes as if you are watching a tennis match. Four Functions of Smooth Pursuit. Saccades Exercise #4. We take a closer look at visual skills and break things down, as well as covering the big picture of visual needs. Pursuit can cancel VOR . Each hemisphere is responsible for ipsilateral smooth pursuit eye movements, meaning the right hemisphere detects and tracks images as they move to the right and the left hemisphere detects and tracks images as they move to the left. endstream endobj 604 0 obj <. Kids can move their eyes from color to color or follow directions to look at the two lights when they change. 0000073747 00000 n Repeat this 10 times. 0000044606 00000 n 0000000516 00000 n This is a normal response to these stimulating exercises. Specific eye movement exercises are very powerful for treating physiological brain lesions. All information on The OT Toolbox Website, its content of all types, including newsletter and social media is presented as informational only and is not a replacement for therapy assessment, diagnosis, intervention, or medical advice. Repeat 3 times. 0 NOTE:If your symptoms don't settle within 5 minutes between each repetition. %%EOF be offered instead of gaze stabilization (VOR) exercises, which include head movement . Keep eyes focused on wall 20 times. Based on moderate evidence and in consider- Relaxing breathing eye stretches- This visual tracking activity is a way to work on smooth pursuits in a very mindful way. Visual pursuits or tacking is Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. This is an essential part of reading and learning. Postural stability training involves the alteration of one or both of the visual, and somatosensory and vestibular environments. saccades and smooth pursuit eye movements affect postural control is still a matter of debate. )' x**#/`8wS,Hx)TC'yms@. 0000002462 00000 n If too dizzy, slow eye movement down slightly. Move eyes to floor and back 20 times. Physikalische Medizin, Rehabilitationsmedizin, Kurortmedizin. To practice head movements that cause dizziness. smooth pursuit of the eyes. This study examined the effects of gaze fixation and different kinds of smooth-pursuit eye movements on the trunk and lower extremity muscle . Let your symptoms settle. The activity of trunk and lower limb muscles (tibialis anterior, lateral gastrocnemius, medial gastrocnemius, vastus midialis obliques, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, rectus abdominis, and erector spinae) and the COP (center of pressure) (surface area ellipse. The information provided on the Website is provided as is without any representations or warranties, express or implied. 0000004600 00000 n Roll a ball up a slanted surface and ask the child to keep their eyes on the ball! smooth pursuit eye exercises should not be offered in isolation as gaze stabilization exercises Gaze stabilization exercises, using adaptation & substitution, are more effective l Risk: Causes delay in receiving an effective exercise program Increases cost & time for patient to travel Effectiveness of Different Exercise Types for . When you child moves their head their eyes should move equally in the opposite direction if this reflex is functioning properly. Vestibular Rehabilitation Effectiveness in Unilateral Saccadic or Smooth Pursuit Exercises Effectiveness cf`aX{a6F*apepY$>b,c1&H3520x+ Do not be afraid of your dizziness. 0000007439 00000 n 139 0 obj <> endobj xref 139 47 0000000016 00000 n 0000002359 00000 n The purpose of these exercises is to improve ones central or brains compensation for injuries or abnormalitieswithin the vestibular or balance system. It is like an exercise for muscle building. It requiresregular, capacity-extending work to build up strength or tolerance. 0000034453 00000 n Methods: Twenty-four subjects were selected for the study. Turn shoulders to right and then to left 20 times. Just like yoga brings awareness to the body and a sense of being present, this eye stretch activity is a great way to calm a class during a busy school day. Do activities involving stooping, stretching, bending, going up and down stairs (attempt only with assistance). Repeat 20 times in each direction per session. GKKTz*9 FNi4p9 FNiIt_bL3<3_=Kpg x Continue for the length of the hallway or about 20 feet. Speed of head motion should be increased as long as target remains in focus. HW]s6}#4c$INhq Mh? 13 Smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) are critical to humans' 14 ability to see and interact with the world. These exercises include neuromuscular control skills, which have evolved for the focus of vision system on the target and smooth pursuit for the moving target or one target jumping on another . .%ien5"h\i6hRQnok%3a+jY|OC#!7d5x@KW_#]\ S:0Sj5rUa}`nis;vWiZCgpN v;yM?4"2U{2]2Jcqyp?E:OuXlb&rd@0,$! Let your symptoms settle. Deficits in eye movements can localize the area of neurological compromise and can then be combined appropriate to rehabilitate brain function and symptoms. Based on evaluation, these exercises may need to be performed multiple times/day. The exercises are designed to challenge your balancesystem and often cause symptoms of dizziness. 4. It is characterized by smooth, conjugate eye movements. Visual pursuits are another term for visual tracking. Saccades are more rapid eye movements that allow the eyes to quickly and accurately move from one position to another. . 0000008097 00000 n hb```fAd`CK"u/`ic'y}93beh0@QsCUywVu 53/V!.+SU~U6dd}]7*RUM5le $8vF! OHHt00D*`J 2! \CLMiN Dj)LLj7me\ [X5,fc`3MP"@ %D